Health Information

1. immunology is broad branch of biomedical science that cover the study of all aspects of the
immune system in all orgnanisms.

2. malfunction of the immune system in immunological disorders(autoimmune diseases,hypersensivity, immune deficiency,allograft rejection)

3. the immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and acquired or adaptive immune system

4.the latter of which is further divided into humoral and cellular components

5.the humoral (antibody)response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and andigens

6.clinical immunology is the study of deseases caused by the immune system and diseases of the immune system from a medical perspective

7.In immunotheraphy,treatsments are done for the immune system disorders.

8.these treatments are belongs to chemotheraphy(drugs) and radiotheraphy(radiation)

9.Diagnostic immunology is another aspect of immunology.

10.study of the immune system in extant and extinct species id capable of giving us a key understandin of the evolution of species and the immune system.

Public health
Ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans thought that cleanliness was important - connected with religion rather than health.
The link between cleanliness and health may not have been understood and it didnot last long.
In the industrial period towns grew - housing conditions were often very poor.
The government was forced to intervene due:
An increase in diseases such as typhoid and cholera.
the work of Edwin Chadwick which showed the connection between health and hygiene.

Sigmund Freud
The mind/body connection, and establishes Freud as “the father of psychoanalysis.”
Freud theorizes that when the mind is fearful and overly emotional - a person might imagine experiencing disease symptoms.

The drugs revolution
Important medical discoveries in 19th and 20th centuries.
Louis Pasteur - old idea that spontaneous generation diseases was inaccurate and micro-organisms cause disease.
He discovered several vaccines (1877-1881).
Robert Koch - identified the bacteria causing tuberculosis (1882) & cholera (1883).
Paul Ehrlich - (1909) discovered the dyes -specific bacteria easier to see. Drugs directly to the bacteria without harming the rest of the body - ‘magic bullet’.

Important medical discoveries in 19th and 20th centuries.
Louis Pasteur - old idea that spontaneous generation diseases was inaccurate and micro-organisms cause disease.
He discovered several vaccines (1877-1881).
Robert Koch - identified the bacteria causing tuberculosis (1882) & cholera (1883).
Paul Ehrlich - (1909) discovered the dyes -specific bacteria easier to see. Drugs directly to the bacteria without harming the rest of the body - ‘magic bullet’.

Advances in surgery
Surgery in the Middle ages was not a highly skilled trade - Barber surgeons.
By the beginning of the 16th century knowledge of anatomy had improved.
The effects of war - developments in warfare – gunpowder caused deep wounds.

Army surgeons showed the highest level of surgical expertise.
Three main challenges facing the surgeon when he was at work were: Pain, Infection & Bleeding.
Amboise Paré - French army surgeon who spent twenty years on war campaigns.
Paré suggested that bleeding arteries should be tied up with silken thread.

Hippocrates
Hippocratic looked for natural causes for diseases (not gods or spirits)
Clinical Observation – symptom and sign.
Code of Behavior for doctors - treat patients with respect.

Idea of balance - balanced lifestyle; to eat in moderation, to take exercise, to sleep regularly and to keep clean.
Four humours - yellow bile, black bile, blood and phlegm.
Imbalance in any of these caused illness - restore the balance to treat ( example - blood-letting).
Galen
Educated and experienced doctor in Rome.
He carried on the work of Hippocrates.
Stressed the importance of understanding anatomy.
He said - heart was divided in two parts.
Europe - 1400 to 1750
The invention printing - ideas can be spread quickly.
The Church was criticised - people challenged old ideas and established authorities - Church lost universities and education.
People travelled - had greater contact with other societies.
Vesalius – a Professor of Anatomy in Italy - dissect human bodies.
Complete anatomy book ‘The Fabric of the Human Body’ in 1543 by Vesalius.

Europe - 1400 to 1750
Establish surgery as a separate medical profession.
Vesalius showed Galen’s work could be wrong (Heart divided to two parts) – encouraged other scientists to become more questioning.
William Harvey was a doctor in London.
Showed heart is pumping blood around the body through arteries then returned to the heart. – recirculation
Harvey actually lost patients - His ideas were considered eccentric.

Prehistoric societies

People lived in small groups and constantly moved around.
Extremely basic medicine - close relationship to nature and spirits.
Using medicinal herbs.
Prehistoric societies
Setting broken limbs.
Cause of disease - evil spirits for disease.
‘medicine men’ - believed wielded power over spirits.
Practicing trepanning – Cutting hole in skull remove part of bone to release evil spirit.

Ancient Egypt

People did not move around like the prehistoric people
People settled - everybody did not have to work for survival, some became the first priests and doctors.
Public health problems began to emerge when large numbers of people lived together.
Discipline in public health - religious rules to keep their bodies and clothes clean.
Accumulated medical knowledge - written down and communicated.
Doctors had to be trained and learn all past knowledge.
Knowledge of the human body - preparing corpses for mummification.
Powerful religious beliefs – prayers and spells for cures.

Ancient Greece
Traveled around - learnt from other cultures.
Have the leisure to think - devote their time to science.
Asklepios - the god of healing.
Built healing centers – Asklepions - a temple to the god and places for patients to sleep.
Patients would be cured - visitations by Asklepios and his daughters, Panacea and Hygieia.
Hippocrates - influential doctor and many medical books were written (over 50).