Jaundice
Obstructive jaundice (extrahepatic cholestasis)
Stones, tumour in the biliary tract, pancreatic head tumour.
Increase conjugated bilirubin.
No/less urobilinogen
Stool became clay colour.
Significant amount of conjugated bilirubin in urine.
Clinical features
Other features help to diagnosis
Hepatomegaly –hepatitis, malignancy,
Splenomegaly – portal hypertension
Ascites – cirrhosis, carcinoma.
Palpable gallbladder – carcinoma obstructing bile duct.
Investigation
Jaundice is not a diagnosis, but sign so need investigation.
Viral markers -
Ultrasound – extrahepatic obstructions.
Liver biochemistry – AST (aspartate amino transferase, AP (alkaline phosphatase)
Haematological test – Haemolytic jaundice.
Other test – alpha fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma.